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How to Avoid and Detect Plagiarism: Tips for Students

A LibGuide for Avoiding and Spotting Plagiarism

Types of Plagiarism

There are different kinds of "plagiarism." Haxham (his site is mentioned at the bottom of this page) tentatively defines "Plagiarism" and "Academic Plagiarism" as such:

Plagiarism is the deliberate attempt to deceive the reader through the appropriation and representation as one's own the work and words of others. Academic plagiarism occurs when a writer repeatedly uses more than four words from a printed source without the use of quotation marks and a precise reference to the original source in a work presented as the author's own research and scholarship.

We may also propose the following:

1. Deliberate plagiarism: using someone's words or ideas without clearly acknowledging the source of that information. 

2. Self-plagiarism:  is when you take a term paper or essay that was written for one class and submit substantial parts or the whole paper for credit in a another class, without informing the instructor.

3. Accidental Plagiarism: occurs, although you don't intend to plagiarize, when you fail to cite your sources completely and correctly.

When in Doubt, Cite!

Use your own words and ideas

  • Use quotation marks and cite the source if you repeat another’s exact words
  • Cite if you adapt a chart or paraphrase a sentence (paraphrasing is when you state someone else’s ideas in your own words)
  • Avoid using others’ work with minor changes:

Using synonyms (e.g.: using “less” for “fewer”)

Reversing the order of a sentence

  • You don't have to cite "common knowledge," but it must be commonly known.

Common knowledge: Abraham Lincoln was the U.S. President during the Civil War.

Not common knowledge: There were 51,000 casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Common knowledge: Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia.

Not common knowledge: Stalin was poisoned*.

     *Jonathan Brent, Vladimir Naumov. Stalin's Last Crime : The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953.    HarperCollins, 2003